Bluetooth 4.0

Aang Yogya, Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) yang menangani standarisasi teknologi Bluetooth telah menyetujui kehadiran Bluetooth 4.0. Rencananya, teknologi tersebut akan hadir di berbagai gadget akhir tahun ini. Disebutkan Executive Director Bluetooth SIG Mike Foley, smartphone, laptop, smart meter dan gadget yang menggunakan baterai coin-cell akan menjadi perangkat elektronik pertama yang menggunakan standar Bluetooth terbaru itu. Chip dengan standar Bluetooth 4.0 telah melalui proses uji coba yang sangat panjang. Kini teknologi tersebut telah mendapatkan sertifikasi dan lisensi untuk bisa digunakan pada chip dan perangkat elektronik.

Produsen smartphone, laptop dan gadget lainnya sudah mulai bisa merancang dan memproduksi perangkat yang bisa menggunakan teknologi tersebut. Bluetooth 4.0 merupakan update teknologi wireless Bluetooth terbaru dari versi sebelumnya, Bluetooth 3.0 yang diperkenalkan pada 2009. Kelebihan dari standar baru ini yaitu rendah konsumsi daya saat mentransfer data. Selain itu, Bluetooth 4.0 memiliki kemampuan transfer data berkecepatan tinggi ketimbang Bluetooth 3.0, dan disebut-sebut bisa meloncati jaringan WiFi 802.11 untuk mentransfer data pada kecepatan 25 Mbps.

10 WiGig Faster than Wifi

Aang Yogya: WiFi technology proved to reliably transmit data over the Internet wirelessly. Velocity was higher. Although currently only a matter Mbps, or megabits per second, forward velocity can reach 10 times the current speed or scale Gbps (gigabits per second).

WiFi Alliance, which is a technology developer organization has joined the Wireless Gigabit Ethernet Alliance (WiGig) to reach the target earlier. One of the benefits of high speed data transmission that is able to replace the cables to transmit HD video formats from one device to another. For example, from Blu-ray player or camera directly to your TV.

'The technology is likely to be available two years, "said Kelly Davis-Felner, marketing director WiFi Alliance. It was driven by the market demand of multimedia content which is now richer.

Currently, a number of the consortium's technology center shoulder to shoulder to develop similar technology. Previously, another group calling wirelessHD Consortium is also developing similar technologies WiGig. Many companies are incorporated in this second consortium, such as Samsung, Panasonic, and Toshiba.

WiMAX

Aang Yogya

WHAT IS WiMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology is an evolution of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) previously. When the previous BWA technology is still proprietary, the open-standard WiMAX technology. In the sense of communication between several WiMAX devices how many different vendors can still be done (not proprietary). WiMAX technology development occurs in several stages of evolution or experience. In accordance with the standardization, said that WiMAX technology is set within the IEEE 802.16 standard. The Standard is divided into several categories namely the IEEE 802.16a standard for BWA are not open standards or commonly called the Pre-WiMAX. Further standards. This developed into the IEEE 802.16d standard for WiMAX fixed / nomadic. While for Mobile WiMAX will be regulated in the IEEE 802.16e standard that has been ratified by the end of 2005.

In addition to evolution in side access capabilities, there is also evolution in the CPE side. In the initial phase, the device in the form of Fixed WiMAX Outdoor CPE, then evolved into a Fixed Indoor, portability (nomadic) and mobile. Fixed the device Outdoor CPE is a device consisting of two outdoor units which consist of radio and antenna and an indoor unit which is a terminal interface to the customer. Indoor Fixed type, CPE device consists of only one indoor unit which is comprised of a radio, antenna and user interface ports. Generally in this type, the user can install his own CPE devices (self installation). The next stage, the CPE device is not an independent device but incorporated in the customer terminals such as laptops and PDAs. At this stage, portable WiMAX CPE has been installed permanently in the terminal as Wi-Fi CPE. Last is a mobile device. The added advantage is the ability of higher portability than a more compact size of the terminal. At this stage of the WiMAX terminal devices are mobile devices. Given the evolution in the development of WiMAX CPE, it is automatically also affects the market being targeted

WiMAX Applications
WiMAX can be used to backhaul WiMAX itself, backhaul backhaul Hotspot and other technologies. In the context of WiMAX as the backhaul of WiMAX applications similar to the BTS as a repeater function to extend the reach of WiMAX. While other technology as a backhaul, WiMAX can be used for cellular backhaul. If too many hotspots typically use ADSL lines as backhaulnya, but due to limitations of cable networks, it can be used as a backhaul WiMAX hotspot. WiMAX can be used as the "Last Mile" broadband technology to serve the needs of our customers. From residential and business customers can be satisfied by this WiMAX technology. WiMAX as a provider of personal broadband services can be utilized for market share are two two who are nomadic and mobile. For nomadic solution, it is normally the level of displacement of the WiMAX user and even if they do not often move in a low speed. Devices were usually not sesimpel for mobile applications. For mobile applications, users perform mobility WiMAX service like using WiFi terminals such as notebooks, PDAs or smartphones.

Network Architecture
One example of a configuration designation of WiMAX as Access solutions service providers such as described. From the above explanation, while it can be concluded that WiMAX is a technology that has a good ability in terms of data speeds, applications for users and network flexibility. However the other side still needs to be studied in its implementation.

ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY
If at the beginning of an era that passed the data communication network without wires (wireless) both mobile and fixed it is a short message service (SMS), GPRS or CDMA2000 1X data, mobile banking application and then download the content for the coming decade is estimated to broadband services will become needs of the most desirable customers. From various studies by consultants and service institutions in industrialized countries these services are 3G (third generation), Internet services in wireless networks, mobile TV, mobile video on demand and mobile video conferencing services. Will be a thin difference between the services provided by the wireline network with a wireless network.

Global Spectrum Allocation
WiMAX is a new global standard so that at a global level is still needed kesepaktan together for spectrum allocation. Each country through its regulation are now more intensive look at WiMAX as a core vital utilities. That's why the regulators busy aligning the WiMAX frequency allocation with the existing frequency allocations. The table below summarizes the allocation of frequencies that can be used by WiMAX operators worldwide.

Aspects of Regulation
Because the frequency of WiMAX is a new frequency, then any government in any country through regulatornya is busy determining the WiMAX frequency allocation should be adjusted with the existing frequency. Indonesia is undergoing a serious debate for this allocation. Government through the Directorate General of Post and Telecommunication issued a white paper about the arrangement for the operation of BWA frequencies among the frequency 2.3 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz and 3.5 GHz.

Satellite and Satellite Operators Association of Indonesia (ASI) strongly disagree with the proposed WiMAX frequency bands allocated in 3.5 GHz, because it has long been occupied for the use of satellite service frequency. According to the ITU frequency is defined as the frequency of fixed satellite services (fixed satellite services) to link the sky to earth. Satellite is already using these frequencies is the TELKOM-1 satellite (PT Telkom) and the Palapa Satellite-2 (PT Pacific Satellite Nusantara / PSN) which is generally used for VSAT and DTH services.

Regulator in 2000, has issued regulations that this frequency can be shared for the use of BWA and satellite. But the operation was largely found in interference complaints received by the satellite service earth stations. To that end the allocation of 25 MHz wide channels in 3.5 GHz frequency eventually reduced to just 5 MHz. And now the government will auction permits the operating frequency of BWA in the 2.3 GHz band for the Indonesia-based regional as many as three blocks with each block of 15 MHz. In the world's most lots frequency band selected by the service operates in 3.5 GHz, which means that devices that work in this frequency band will be more expensive than devices that operate at other frequencies including 2.3 GHz.

General Ability
In general the ability of WiMAX can be analyzed as follows:
1. Hand-off capability: Specifically for Portable and Mobile WiMAX. A seamless handoff will be difficult because of the WiMAX core network components are not designed from scratch as a mobile system.
2. Power Control: It takes a good power control on the reverse link to provide feedback to the transmitter about the speed of data that can be received by the receiver. The WiMAX technology based power control message is still weak.
3. Battery power consumption: State Idle duty cycle used in the WiMAX system 9-14 times higher than that used in 3G cellular systems so that sleep mode operation, which is used to save battery becomes less efficient so lavishly

Excess
1. WiMAX is a wireless acess broadband technology that offers an open standard, with fixed and mobile applications (portable).
2. Regional-based WiMAX licenses, so that's not such a national 3G license costs cheaper and more easily acceptable to the market eventually.
3. WiMAX terminals will be embedded in consumer goods, such as notebook computers, smart phones and PDAs. Since it is supported by many parties that authorization level more quickly accepted the possibility of WiMAX market.

Shortage
1. Because the use of high frequency spectrum band, the WiMAX service coverage is smaller than the 3G, so the number of base stations required to cover the same area takes more number of base stations.
2. WiMAX frequency spectrum allocations require adjustments to the existing frequency allocations in each country. Certain cases the frequency allocation caused the price of the device becomes expensive.
3. Ability; WiMAX for mobility will be not as good as cellular systems and battery consumption would be more wasteful.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Government must be firm issued a regulation ordering the WiMAX frequencies in order not to overlap tindah against the existing telecommunications network. 3.5 GHz frequency shift that has been used satellite operators for allocation of BWA frequencies would be bad to the country, because the search for a replacement satellite frequency spectrum is more difficult than terrestrial frequencies.
2. Governments should encourage the creation of telecommunications and information society by facilitating the deployment of WiMAX in Indonesia, because the system is relatively cheap so that more may be held by small operators.
3. BWA operators should consider the scope of services in accordance with customer demand precisely because it would not be needed if the number of base stations that much that investment is not efficient.

DSL Access Network Technologies

Aang Yogya's Post : Internet today has become a technological and data communication network of the most popular on the planet. At five years ago, telnet traffic and the World Wide Web is the dominant types of traffic. However, the form of services offered by the Internet increasingly diverse. Internet users start using the applications "killers", such as video conferencing, telemedicine, distance learning, and other services who spent much bandwidth.

However, conventional modem technology today that have a maximum rate of 56 kbps of course can not accommodate these new services. Internet users want the data transfer capacity of a larger order to use Internet applications fairly. Therefore, current xDSL technology is a suitable alternative that best applied to accelerate the transfer of data at the subscriber access lines.

DSL (Digital Subcriber Lines)
Digital Subscriber Lines, as the actual transmission technology developed for ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), Basic Rate Access Channel. DSL name used to describe the transmission technology or the physical layer for ISDN Basic Rate Access Channel. Currently, DSL, or also known as xDSL is used as a common naming system for all types of DSL.
Full-duplex transmission on the 2 wire telephone network, using 3 different methods:

1. Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM)
2. Time Compression Multiplex (TCM)
3. Echo cancellation (EC)

Differences of opinion between TCM and the EC method for transmitting DSL still going on until today. The main issue is about the comparison of transmission losses, echo level, compatibility with other systems, and complexity of the system. Broadly speaking, the advantage of TCM systems do not require echo canceller, in separating the different directions of transmission that occurred at a time. But with the development of technology Very Large Integrated Circuits (VLSI), the echo canceller to realize to be more economical. EC system is potentially more complex, using 50% less transmission bandwidth than its competitors.

HDSL (High Data-Rate Digital Lines Subcriber)
HDSL is a better system to deliver T1/E1 through twisted-pair wire channels. HDSL requires smaller bandwidth and requires no repeaters. With the adoption of better modulation techniques, HDSL can transmit data with a transfer rate of 1.544 Mbps or 2.048 Mbps bandwidth only by about 80 kHz to 240 kHz or less when compared with that required by AMI. HDSL can deliver data at speeds above the channel along the 12 Kft 24 AWG, commonly called a CSA (Carrier Serving Area), and requires 2 pairs of wire channels for T1 and E1 3 pairs of channels for each working on or the total speed.

SDSL (Single-Line Digital Subcriber Lines)
SDSL is another type of HDSL. SDSL requires only a pair of wire-line course to deliver POTS and T1/E1. The major advantage compared with HDSL SDSL is easily applied in every customer because it only requires a regular phone lines. The drawback is only be used on the channel along the 10 Kft.

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Lines)
ADSL is the next development of HDSL. As the name implies, ADSL transmits data asymmetrically, ie different transmission capacity between now and the downstream (from network to customer) and at the upstream (from customer to network). Higher downstream capacity than upstream capacity. There are several reasons for the asymmetric data transmission, such as transmission capacity needs, the nature of the transmission line, and the application. Capacity needs that are not necessarily the same can be seen from custom yagn around today, that is usually the customer (eg Internet service subscribers) only requires the data retrieval (downloading) of information providers. If the information extracted in the form of multimedia information (or anything that has a relatively large data size), should be required transport channels with a large capacity for these downloads. On the other hand, customers rarely perform data transmission to the network (upload). If carried out, usually only in the form of control data to the provider of service or request information. Control data are nothing more than a series of characters that is relatively short. Therefore, only the required transmission channel with limited capacity yagn. There are times when customers upload to the network by sending data that is big enough. However, even this relatively less frequently performed than the download. From the above explanation, it can be concluded that the need to download much larger than uploading purposes. If forced to have the same rate, it will make the bandwidth becomes less efficient. If viewed from the transmission medium, the channels of the existing transmission (telephone lines) are not distributed one by one to each customer (single channel), but several channels into one channel in a single bundle. Usually there are 50 bundles in a single channel. With these conditions, interference antarsaluran will very likely happen a lot. Even if the bundle was the same one for data transmission in the opposite direction, the signal emitted on one side (the side of the cable bundle), which has a higher signal level that is still going to interfere with the recipient on the same side (same side of the cable bundle with a transmitter) with the signal level at receiver so weak. This event is called NEXT. However, if on the same bundle that is going on signal transmission in the same direction and the signal level that existed at the two lines can be regarded as strong, channel interference may also occur. Interference effect was smaller than NEXT. This event is called FEXT. In addition, if on the same channel to be full-duplex communication, communication is usually done by sending two signals (signals transmitted and received) with memodulasikannya on the same carrier frequency so that it will happen yagn called echo (the signal being emitted into the receiver signal return or signal return). Echo can usually be removed with the circuit echo canceller yagn not simple. From the application side, an adult is only required applications that can provide information in one direction, such as video-on-demand, home shopping, Internet access, remote LAN access, and multimedia access. Therefore, from all the explanation above, seems to be easier to build an ADSL system.

VDSL (Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line)
VDSL previously referred to as VADSL because initially, VDSL can only transmit digital data, such as ADSL are asymmetric, but with higher capacity than ADSL and channel length is shorter. There is no general standard for VDSL. From some discussion that exists, a common downstream capacity for VDSL is 12.96 Mbps (STS-1; 4.5 Kft), 25.82 Mbps (STS-1; 4 Kft), and 51.84 Mbps (STS-1 ; 1 Kft). For the purposes of upstream capacity available between 1.6 Mbps to 2.3 Mbps. VADSL much contested term, especially by T1E1.4, because it shows something that is not always symmetric. In fact, many who want to one day be truly symmetric. Therefore, a preferred VDSL. In some ways, simpler than ADSL VDSL. Shorter transmission line on VDSL causes constraints on the channel that might occur on a longer channel can be suppressed. Therefore, its transceiver technology may become more simple and its capacity will be 10 times higher. VDSL is a target of ATM network architecture. VDSL allows passive network termination and can be used on more than one VDSL modems for use on customer channels, as well as regular analog phone systems (POTS)

Aang Yogya